Soud Hamad Ali – Lecturer, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Education Department, Zanzibar University

https://orcid.org/000-0002-1463-5280 – WEB of Science: AFK-9191-2022

Email: d_norbatus@yahoo.com/ soudhamad82@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study examines challenges facing the adoption and effectiveness of the Competence-Based Approach (CBA) in the teaching of undergraduate chemistry within developing economies, with a specific focus on higher education institutions in Tanzania. As universities in Tanzania shift towards learner-centred pedagogies, CBA is intended to strengthen scientific inquiry skills, promote real-world problem solving, technological advancement and improve practical competence among chemistry students. However, evidence across these institutions of higher learning reveals significant variation in implementation quality. This paper synthesizes recent empirical studies, policy documents, and institutional reports to explore the opportunities and challenges influencing CBA integration. Apart from gains made in chemistry education, this study have realized among the major constraints are inadequacy in laboratory and practical infrastructure, technological competency which relates effective use of digital tools, simulations and molecular modeling software to enhance student engagement and visualization of complex chemical processes, social and communication competency which encompasses the ability to communicate scientific ideas clearly, lack of collaboration, lack of industrial attachment , maintaining a positive and inclusive classroom environment, and persistent reliance on theoretical examination-driven instruction. Despite these barriers, emerging innovations such modularized curricula, research-based learning, and industry-linked practical demonstrate potential for strengthening chemistry education outcomes. This study highlights critical gaps and proposes strategic interventions to enhance CBA delivery within resource-limited environments. The study recommends systemic support, sustained capacity building, and alignment between instructional practices, relevant industrial attachments, pedagogic assessments, and professional expectations towards achieving competency.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine effective strategies for cultivating entrepreneurial culture to prepare undergraduates for self-employment in Northern Tanzania. The Study was conducted to answer a research question: What are the effective strategies for cultivating entrepreneurial culture to prepare undergraduates for self-employment? Guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior by Azjen (1991), this study employed a convergent parallel design under a mixed-method research approach. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques under probability sampling were used in selecting 310 undergraduates while purposive and snowball sampling techniques under non-probability sampling were used to select 27 university managers, 6 lecturers and 36 alumni, making a total sample size of 379 respondents. The instrument used in the study was validated by experts, and a pilot test was conducted outside the study area. Data was collected using questionnaire, interview guide, and document analysis guide. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Ethical considerations were observed in the study. Support mechanisms and practical teaching methods and experiential learning were seen as crucial in preparing undergraduates with skills necessary for self-employment. The study concluded that, there is a need of collaboration between students, parents, learning institutions, and stakeholders to work together towards solving unemployment challenges facing graduates. The study recommended the government, universities, and all education and development stakeholders to provide adequate support to develop entrepreneurial skills for undergraduates.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the Impact of Cultivating Entrepreneurship Culture on Preparation of Undergraduates for Self-employment in Northern Tanzania. The Study was conducted to answer a research question: How has the promotion of entrepreneurship culture influenced undergraduates’ readiness for self-employment? Guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior by Azjen (1991), this study employed a convergent parallel design under a mixed-method research approach. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques, under probability sampling, were used in selecting 310 undergraduates while purposive and snowball sampling techniques under non-probability sampling were used to select 27 university managers, 6 lecturers and 36 alumni, making a total sample size of 379 respondents. The instrument used in the study was validated by experts, and a pilot test was conducted outside the study area. Data was collected using questionnaire, interview guide, and document analysis guide. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Ethical considerations were observed in the study. The results of the chi-square test confirmed a strong relationship between promoting entrepreneurial culture and undergraduates’ readiness for self-employment. Support mechanisms and practical teaching methods and experiential learning were seen as crucial in preparing undergraduates with skills necessary for self-employment. The study concluded that, there is a positive and significant relationship between promoting entrepreneurship culture and undergraduates’ readiness for self-employment. The study recommended the government, universities, and all education and development stakeholders to provide adequate support to develop of entrepreneurial skills for undergraduates.

Abstract: In recent times, students are experiencing some imbalances between their chosen career and attaining their dream life which inversely affects their psychological wellbeing. To this end, this concern cannot be overemphasized as it determines satisfaction and fulfillment in career life. Thus, this study examined career choice and psychological well-being of undergraduate students in Langata sub-county, Nairobi, Kenya. Concurrent mixed method design was used to explain the context and the generalizability of the outcome. The target population was the undergraduate students in the universities in Langata Sub-county Nairobi. Stratified random procedure was used in selecting the participating universities. A sample size of 270 was used for the study. Data was collected using questionnaire and semi structured interview. Quantitative data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlational analysis. Qualitative data was analyzed in themes. This study established there is a significant relationship between environmental mastery, purpose in life and parental influence. The study also established a weak negative correlation between the parental influence and three psychological well-being subscales (autonomy, self-acceptance and positive relationship with others.