Audrey Matere – Department of Early Childhood Development Education

Florence Boinett – Department of Curriculum Instruction and Media

School of Education and Human Resource Development

Kisii University

Email: kimalelbetty161@gmail.com/ audreymatere@kisiiuniversity.ac.ke/
jepkosgei67@gmail.com

Abstract: Despite the adoption of Competency-Based Education (CBE), evidence suggests that learners’ practical engagement and understanding remain limited. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of observation-based assessment on learners’ achievement in environmental activities. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design, targeting a population of 810 head teachers, 1,085 pre-primary two teachers, and 6 Sub-County Early Years Education Directors. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s formula, a sample of 261 head teachers and 284 Pre-Primary Two teachers were selected. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and a documentary analysis guide. Validity was ensured through expert review, while reliability was confirmed using a pilot study and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient (α ≥ 0.70). Ethical considerations such as confidentiality, and voluntary participation were strictly observed. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential analysis through Pearson correlation and regression, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that observation-based assessment significantly enhances learners’ understanding, engagement, practical skills, and environmental awareness, although inconsistencies in implementation were noted. Based on these findings, the study concluded that observation-based assessment is a critical tool in promoting achievement in environmental activities within CBE. The study recommends strengthening teacher capacity, ensuring consistent implementation of observation practices, and integrating observation-based assessment into school policies to support learner-centered instruction and holistic competency development.

Abstract: This study interrogates the nexus between terrorism threats and the securitization of refugee migration in Kenya’s Dadaab refugee camp. More specifically, it analyzes how security risks associated with terrorism, i.e., foreign fighter penetration, radicalization, and border permeability between Kenya and Somalia, influence state response and migration policy. Using a mixed qualitative design, the study collected information through key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis to achieve a rich understanding of host community and refugee lives. The results show that securitization practices such as encampment, enhanced surveillance, and control of mobility, although intended to prevent terrorism, have unintended consequences: reinforcing socio-economic marginalization, limiting access to essential services, and straining Kenya-Somalia diplomatic relations. The research concludes that while securitization addresses immediate security requirements, it exacerbates exclusion and vulnerability that have the potential to enhance radicalization threats. It recommends balanced migration policies that converge humanitarian protection with security requirements through inclusive communal engagement and evidence-based counter-terrorism policies.

Alice Chesambu Ndiema – Department of Agribusiness Management and Extension

James Bill Ouda – Department of Education Psychology

Karen Ohanga Ongeti – Department of Curriculum and Instructional Technology

Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology

Email: finidgeorge@gmail.com/ achesambu@mmust.ac.ke/ jouda@mmust.ac.ke/ kongeti@mmust.ac.ke

Abstract: Precision Agriculture (PA) enhances efficiency and sustainable agricultural production. PA integration into secondary school agricultural education programs, particularly in Kenya, remains limited. This study assessed the preparedness of agricultural teachers to implement PA in Kisii and Nyamira Counties, Kenya. This study included 254 secondary schools and 353 teachers of agriculture were sampled using Cochran’s finite population formula, proportionate random sampling, and purposive sampling. questionnaires and checklists were used to collect data. Content validity ensured that the instruments adequately measured teachers’ preparedness, and Cronbach’s alpha technique ensured that the instruments were reliable. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 27. Pearson’s correlation and ANOVA examined the relationship between teacher preparedness and PA implementation, and differences in preparedness across levels of academic and professional training and PA implementation. The findings indicated a strong, positive, and statistically significantrelationship between teacher preparedness and PA implementation (r = 0.836, p < .001), suggesting that teacher preparedness substantially influences PA implementation. ANOVA results showed statistically significant differences in preparedness across teachers’ qualification levels (F = 6.889, p < .001), with higher training associated with preparedness. The overall regression model was statistically significant, F (11, 340) = 112.30, p < .001, explaining 78.4% of the variance in PA implementation, R² = .784. In conclusion, teachers’ preparedness is critical to PA implementation, with higher levels of preparedness indicating readiness. This study, therefore, recommends that teacher training programs be designed to engage educators in hands-on, experiential learning that promotes knowledge construction.

Abstract: This study examined the role of community participation in the identification and targeting of elderly beneficiaries under the Older Persons Cash Transfer (OPCT) programme in Konoin Sub-County, Bomet County, Kenya. Guided by Participatory Communication Theory, Principal–Agent Theory, and Empowerment Theory, the study explored how local actors, social knowledge, and inclusive processes shape targeting accuracy, legitimacy, and empowerment outcomes. A descriptive cross-sectional design employing a mixed-methods approach was adopted. Data were collected from 45 elderly beneficiaries and 15 key informants using structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions, and analyzed through descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Findings reveal that village elders and community committees played a central role in beneficiary identification and verification, with public barazas, household visits, and community referrals serving as key participatory channels. Approximately 75% of respondents reported improved identification of the most vulnerable elderly, 69% indicated reduced exclusion errors, and 80% perceived the targeting process as fair and trustworthy. However, 24% of respondents expressed concerns regarding favoritism or exclusion, particularly affecting socially isolated or less vocal elderly persons. It is evident that while participatory targeting enhances transparency, legitimacy, and social empowerment, its effectiveness depends on the structure, oversight, and inclusivity of participatory mechanisms. The study concludes that community participation is pivotal yet inherently nuanced, requiring deliberate institutional support to ensure equitable outcomes. It recommends strengthening capacity-building for community actors, integrating local knowledge with formal verification systems, and institutionalizing monitoring and accountability in promoting inclusive participation of marginalized elderly groups for effective cash transfer programmes.

Abstract: This study explores the contribution of community-driven financial technology (Fin- Tech) models to sustainable development in Western Kenya, a region where rural entrepreneurs face persistent barriers to financial access. Weak infrastructure, limited credit opportunities, and low digital literacy have restricted growth, deepened inequality, and slowed progress toward inclusive development. Anchored in the Sustainable Development Goals poverty re-duction (SDG 1), decent work and economic growth (SDG 8), and innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9) the research investigates how localized financial innovations can enhance resilience and opportunity. A mixed methods design was employed. Surveys were conducted with 200 entrepreneurs, alongside 20 interviews with community financial leaders, and a review of six technology-enabled finance initiatives. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically using NVivo, while quantitative results were processed in SPSS to identify trends and patterns. The findings show that mobile-accessible platforms remain the most preferred financing option in Western Kenya, especially those that do not rely on collateral. Nonetheless, persistent challenges include low trust in formal financial institutions and limited digital literacy. The study concludes that localized FinTech solutions—such as digital savings groups, USSD-based microfinance systems, and credit-scoring innovations hold significant potential for promoting inclusion and resilience in the region. It recommends stronger public–private collaboration, targeted digital literacy programs, and the creation of county-level FinTech hubs to scale innovation, strengthen entrepreneurship, and align community finance with sustainable development goals.

Abstract: Sexual abuse in schools remains a persistent challenge globally, with boarding secondary schools particularly vulnerable due to residential arrangements and limited parental oversight. This study investigated the influence of safety standards and guidelines on students’ sexual abuse in public boarding secondary schools in Kitui County, in the Republic of Kenya. A descriptive survey design with mixed methods was employed, involving boarding secondary schools’ target population of 16,719 and a sample of 605 participants. The sample included 200 teachers and 400 students, with 5 education officers for the interview. Purposive (for education officers) and simple random sampling techniques (for teachers and students) were used. Data were collected through structured questionnaires for teachers and students, and interview schedules for the education officers. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed with verbatim citations to contextualize quantitative findings. The results indicated that inadequate supervision and insufficient staff training significantly increase students’ vulnerability to sexual abuse. The study highlights the critical role of effective implementation of safety standards, enhanced supervision, and functional reporting and response mechanisms in safeguarding students. The findings offer practical, evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, school administrators, and child protection stakeholders to strengthen safety interventions and protect learners in boarding schools.

Abstract: Over more than two decades “bodaboda” services have become common among the East African countries Kenya and Tanzania inclusive. Despite its commonness in the area, its socio-economic impacts emanating from business have not been well searched, compiled and documented. The study aimed to explore the socio-economic impacts of “bodaboda” services in Kenya and Tanzania using empirical literature review. Compiled and documented impacts are essential for different stakeholders engaging in the business. The study adopted empirical literature review design. The design enabled authors to collect data from 26 published authentic secondary data sources between 2019 and 2024 in Kenya and Tanzania using inclusion and exclusion principles. Data were analysed by using frequencies and percentages. The results from study have shown that 66.7% “bodaboda” generate economic benefits to operators and help customers to access in difficult geographical environment. However, the study revealed that 71.4% “bodaboda” service led to disability and death among its users as negative impacts among others. The study concludes that “bodaboda” services results into both positive and negative impacts. To avoid negative impacts, the study recommends routine awareness programmes into operators, introduction of digital “bodaboda” monitoring system (DBMS), installation of cameras in every zebra crossing lines and traffic lights in cities and towns, and manufacturers to reconsider alternative strategy including improved safety gears for operators and passengers. Moreover, law enforcers should make sure that every bodaboda driver own health insurance as a requirement among others when processing or renewing licence to ensure access to medication services in case of emergency.

Abstract: Motorcycle transport, commonly referred to as boda boda, has emerged as a vital livelihood strategy for rural youth in Kenya, offering income, mobility, and social engagement amid limited employment opportunities. While it empowers young people economically, it also exposes them to risks, including accidents, substance use, gender-based vulnerabilities, and occasional involvement in crime. This paper presents a systematic and comparative review of empirical and grey literature from Kenya and similar low- and middle-income contexts, guided by the PRISMA 2020 framework. Studies from 2005 to 2025 were sourced from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, African Journals Online, Google Scholar, and relevant government and NGO reports, focusing on the socio-economic outcomes of commercial motorcycle transport for youth. Qualitative findings were thematically synthesized, and quantitative data narratively integrated. Findings indicate that boda boda work enhances income stability, enables asset accumulation, and strengthens social networks. However, structural vulnerabilities high accident rates, substance abuse, gender inequities, and weak regulation persist, reflecting broader issues of youth unemployment and informality. Comparative evidence from Nigeria, Uganda, and Tanzania suggests these challenges are common across similar contexts. Targeted interventions, including structured safety training, access to affordable credit, and stronger regulatory enforcement, can amplify socio-economic benefits while mitigating risks. By situating Kenya’s experience within African and global perspectives, this paper contributes to debates on youth employment, informal transport, and rural development, offering evidence-informed directions for research, policy, and practice aimed at fostering safe, sustainable, and inclusive livelihoods for rural youth.

Abstract: Teachers play a key role in ensuring improved implementation of the curriculum in secondary schools. However, in Garissa Sub-county, the implementation of the curriculum in secondary schools is still low, with many teachers unable to cover the syllabus on time, which resulted in low performance among students. This research sought to determine the influence of availability of teachers on curriculum implementation in public secondary schools. The study adopted mixed methodology and concurrent triangulation research design. The target population was 318 respondents, which included 12 principals, 304 teachers, and 2 Sub-county Directors of Education (TSC & MoE), from which samples of 6 principals, 170 teachers, and 2 Sub-county Directors of Education (TSC & MoE) were determined using Yamane’s Formula. Data was collected through questionnaires for teachers and interview guides for principals and Sub-county Directors of Education. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically and presented in narrative form, while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages and inferentially through Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Analysis, using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 25) and presented in tables. The study found that curriculum implementation has faced numerous challenges with many teachers unable to complete syllabus in time, which has led to low academic performance in KCSE. This has been attributed to the inadequacy of teachers in public secondary schools. Thus, the study recommends that the Ministry of Education should conduct regular recruitment of teachers to attain the required student-teacher ratio.

Abstract: Deteriorating performance of the police service has been attributed to inability to implement the police reforms which aim to improve their performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of restructuring on the performance of National Police Service in Kenya. The study utilized Resource Based View Theory. This study used positivism philosophy and adopted explanatory research design. The study targeted 792 NPS officers. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques were employed to select sample size of 266 NPS officers. Primary data was collected using questionnaire among the NPS officers. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was adopted to ascertain internal consistency. Content validity was achieved through an expert judgment and construct validity established by conducting a factor analysis. The collected data was coded and analyzed inferential analysis. The study concluded that there was a positive significant influence of restructuring on performance of NPS. The study recommends NPS to pay attention to operations restructuring programs in order to attain its strategic goals enable by effectively utilizing its human and asset resources.