Abstract: The study examined strategies adopted by teachers in the implementation of Guidance and Counselling in junior primary schools. This paper is based on my Phd studies and only presents one facet of it. Guidance and Counselling is an area that has recently gained traction in the primary school curriculum, hence, the need to upscale its implementation. An interpretive qualitative case study research design was utilized enabling teachers to share their experiences and thoughts in a naturalistic setting and allows the researcher to capture detailed, nuanced perspectives from teachers in the real-worldcontexts. Twenty participants from four schools were purposively sampled to gather detailed, contextual data and foster a deeper understanding of the phenomenon. Semi- structured interviews, observations and document analysis were used to generate data. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis. The research revealed that teachers were using different strategies in implementing G&C in primary schools. The results of the study further pointed out that staff development workshops were needed to enhance the implementation of G&C properly. The study recommends a culturally relevant model which embraces pedagogies such as adopting the use of cultural counselling villages.

Abstract: The process of making career decisions is an important part of students’ growth in higher education. The provision of effective guidance and counseling services has proven to have a substantial impact on career decision-making, assisting students in matching their abilities and interests with job prospects. However, limited research exists on the provision of guidance and counseling in tertiary learning institutions in Arusha region. Thus, this study examined the accessibility and availability of guidance and counseling services and ascertained the usefulness of guidance and counseling in helping students make career decisions in tertiary learning institutions in Arusha Region, Tanzania. The research utilized a descriptive survey design, in which self-made questionnaires were administered to 248 randomly chosen students from a total population of 1,862 students for data collection. The results indicated that tertiary learning institutions in Arusha region had limited and sometimes completely absent guidance and counseling services. Nevertheless, students in tertiary learning institutions in Arusha region pointed out that guidance and counseling services are crucial in shaping their future career paths. Thus, it is concluded that despite the fact that students showed that guidance and counseling services are crucial in shaping their future career paths, tertiary learning institutions in Arusha region had limited and sometimes completely absent guidance and counseling services. Based on the results, tertiary learning institutions are recommended to strengthen and improve the provision of career guidance and counseling services to assist students in making well-informed career decisions which match with their abilities and interests.

Abstract: Globally, the increase in unhealthy sexual behaviours among adolescent students has prompted alarm and become a topic of interest for global public health researchers seeking innovative strategies to promote better sexual health outcomes. This study assesses managerial strategies for enhancing sexual and reproductive health education (SRHE) in secondary schools by focusing on two specific objectives, namely, to identify ways used by school management in enhancing SRHE in secondary schools and to find out challenges faced by school management in enhancing SRHE in secondary schools. The study used Ludwig Von Bertalanffy’s systems theory. The study used a case study design to collect in-depth information from the head teachers, discipline teachers, teachers, and students in the selected secondary schools, which comprised 36 participants. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions while observing the principle of saturation. The collected data were analysed through thematic analysis. The findings revealed that the use of clubs, guidance and counselling services and organising seminars are among the strategies used to manage SRHE in secondary schools. Further, the study found several challenges faced by school management in enhancing SRHE in secondary schools, including lack of in-service training, lack of clear and proper sexual education policy, cultural barriers, lack of student readiness, and insufficient funds. The study recommends that school management create more strategies to ensure the successful implementation of SRHE within educational institutions. The study recommends further study to assess the extent to which sexual and reproductive health education promotes students’ academic performance in secondary schools.