Abstract: This study explored how alumni from public and private universities in Malawi interact with and contribute to their former institutions, focusing on areas such as advertising, funding, donations, and scholarships. Guided by Social Exchange Theory, the research sought to understand whether alumni engagement differs significantly between these two types of institutions. Using a descriptive-comparative design, data were gathered from 175 alumni through structured questionnaires and interviews with alumni association leaders. The findings showed that, overall, alumni engagement is quite low in both public and private universities, especially in areas like consistent donations, scholarship funding, and in advertising or student recruitment. However, a key difference emerged in communication: alumni from private universities reported significantly more communication with their alma maters than their public university counterparts (p = 0.026). This may be linked to differences in funding models and alumni outreach, as private universities often rely more heavily on alumni support. Interestingly, other areas such as loyalty, professional interaction, and participation in alumni associations did not show significant differences. The study concludes that while Malawian universities do receive occasional contributions from their alumni, especially in the form of basic resources or infrastructure support, there is still a major gap in sustained and strategic alumni involvement. To address this, both public and private universities are encouraged to build stronger alumni engagement systems, clearly communicate giving opportunities, and fostering a lasting sense of connection and value among their graduates.

Abstract: This study explored how alumni from public and private universities in Malawi interact with and contribute to their
former institutions, focusing on areas such as advertising, funding, donations, and scholarships. Guided by Social Exchange
Theory, the research sought to understand whether alumni engagement dif ers significantly between these two types of
institutions. Using a descriptive-comparative design, data were gathered from 175 alumni through structured questionnaires
and interviews with alumni association leaders. The findings showed that, overall, alumni engagement is quite low in both
public and private universities, especially in areas like consistent donations, scholarship funding, and involvement in
advertising or student recruitment. However, a key dif erence emerged in communication: alumni from private universities
reported significantly more communication with their alma maters than their public university counterparts (p = 0.026). This
may be linked to dif erences in funding models and alumni outreach, as private universities often rely more heavily on alumni
support. Interestingly, other areas such as loyalty, professional interaction, and participation in alumni associations did not
show significant dif erences. The study concludes that while Malawian universities do receive occasional contributions from
their alumni, especially in the form of basic resources or infrastructure support, there is still a major gap in sustained and
strategic alumni involvement. To address this, both public and private universities are encouraged to build stronger alumni
engagement systems, clearly communicate giving opportunities, and fostering a lasting sense of connection and value among
their graduates.

Abstract: Alumni play a significant role in the growth and success of educational institutions. This research was conducted in the Republic of Malawi to determine the level of alumni interaction with their alma mater and the alumni’s contribution to the university’s development, thereby developing a model of how universities should interact with alumni. In this study, three private universities and three public universities were investigated. A total of 175 alumni participated in this study. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. There is a significant relationship between alumni interactions and alumni contribution to the institution’s development. The study also found out that networks and social-professional interaction best predicted alumni donations with 39.8%. Loyalty contributed the highest to towards advertising 50.7% while networks is 3.4% social professional interaction’s 1.3% these contributed to advertising 55.4%. On funding for development 61.8%, network contributed the highest with 49.0%, communication 8.8% loyalty 1.7% social professional interaction 1.3% and alumni association 1%. With scholarship 43,2%, social professional 35,5%and alumni association 7.5%The predictive model demonstrates that alumni networks, loyalty, and meaningful social professional interaction are key for universities seeking to enhance alumni-driven development and sustainability. This research recommends a predictive interaction model between alumni and alma mater.